Long multiplication multiplies large numbers by splitting the smaller number into tens and ones, multiplying each part, then adding the results. The column method needs a zero placeholder on the tens row. For example, 346 times 24 is 8304, worked as 1384 plus 6920.
Long multiplication lets you multiply numbers far larger than any times table covers. Two written methods are taught in UK schools: the grid method and the column method. Both give the same answer, so use whichever you can carry out accurately under pressure.
Leaving out the zero placeholder on the tens row, which makes the second row ten times too small.
Losing track of carried digits. Write them small above the next column rather than trying to hold them in your head.
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